“‘All Animals Are Conscious’: Shifting the Null Hypothesis in Consciousness Science”

The marker approach is taken as best practice for answering the distribution question: Which animals are conscious? However, the methodology can be used to increase confidence in animals many presume to be unconscious, including C. elegans, leading to a trilemma: accept the worms as conscious; reject the specific markers; or reject the marker methodology for answering the distribution question. Andrews defends the third option and argues that answering the distribution question requires a secure theory of consciousness. Accepting the hypothesis that all animals are conscious will promote research leading to secure theory, which is needed to create reliable consciousness tests for animals and AIs. Rather than asking the distribution question, humans should shift to the dimensions question: How are animals conscious?