“The Deep Ecological Movement: Some Philosophical Aspects”

In this seminal 1986 article, Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess outlines the core principles of deep ecology, calling for a shift from human-centered to Earth-centered thinking. He contrasts “shallow ecology,” focused on pollution and resource use, with “deep ecology,” which affirms the intrinsic value of all life. Naess presents eight principles that advocate for ecological diversity, systemic change, and self-realization through identification with nature. This article became a foundational text in environmental philosophy and influenced the evolution of ecocentric ethics, environmental activism, and debates about the role of human beings within the broader natural world.